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“It suddenly struck me that that tiny pea, pretty and blue, was the Earth. I put up my thumb and shut one eye, and my thumb blotted out the planet Earth. I didn't feel like a giant. I felt very, very small.” – Neil Armstrong (1930-2012)

Fresh Reads from the Science 'o sphere!

Showing posts with label spaceflight. Show all posts
Showing posts with label spaceflight. Show all posts

Thursday, September 15, 2011

Space Launch System: The "Shutturn V" ?

NASA has announced their latest plan for a heavy launch vehicle - capable of manned missions into space - called the "Space Launch System (SLS)".

That isn't a particularly imaginative name.

YouTube commenter linghun dubbed it the "Shutturn V", which is actually quite appropriate, since the SLS is both technological and visually a hybrid of the Space Shuttle and Saturn V vehicles.

Here, check out NASA's video...



The SLS is a multistage, non-reusable vehicle that can launch both cargo-only and human-rated missions, much like the Saturn V.

The core stage uses an arrangement of five engines (Saturn V), which will consist of five RS-25 engines (Space Shuttle), while the upper stage uses a modernized version of the J-2 engine (Saturn V).

The first stage fuel tank will have the same diameter as the external tank of the Space Shuttle, and likely manufactured using similar methods. Two solid-fuel rocket boosters are attached, one on each side (Space Shuttle).

Visually, it either looks like a short Saturn V flanked with extra boosters, or a tall Space Shuttle external tank but without the Shuttle orbiter itself.

Appearances aside, expert observers seem to be unimpressed with the SLS programme and are already predicting its demise, calling it more of a job-creation exercise that may cost more than a completely new launch system, due to the re-hiring of the expensive legacy workforce.

To me, the SLS appears to have a much safer layout than the recently cancelled Ares I which perched human passengers on top of a solid-fuel first stage that cannot be throttled down or even shut down after ignition.

Of course the longevity of this new initiative is difficult to predict in this gloomy economic climate, and in light of less costly alternatives such as the SpaceX Falcon Heavy system, which is further along in development and has better scalability by using essentially the same engines and fuel tank components throughout.

Nevertheless, the SLS vehicle can initially lift 70 tonnes of payload into low-Earth orbit, up to a maximum of 129 tonnes in later configurations (more than Saturn V's 118 tonnes!). Even at 70 tonnes it would already be the heaviest lift launch vehicle in the world, compared to other launch systems currently in service.

Maximum lift capacity to LEO:
Delta IV-H (USA) ~ 23 tonnes
Proton M (Russia) ~ 21.6 tonnes
Ariane 5 (EU) ~ 21 tonnes
H-IIB (Japan) ~ 19 tonnes
Atlas V (USA) ~ 18.5 tonnes


If all goes according to plan, the first flight (unmanned) of the SLS is slated to be in December 2017.


Would you like to know more?
- NASA’s Space Launch System Unveiled: Analysis (Popular Mechanics)

Thursday, July 21, 2011

Space Shuttle Rolls Into History

A quiet night landing of the space shuttle Atlantis, returning from the STS-135 mission, marked the end of the US space shuttle programme.





NASA's Constellation Program, which was projected to develop a replacement rocket for the space shuttle, was cancelled last year.

While the government is not currently working on a shuttle replacement, potential private sector candidates include the Falcon 9-Dragon vehicle from SpaceX, which has been successful in test launches so far, but is still in early development.

Thus for the foreseeable future the USA will no longer have any human-rated launch vehicle.

Without manned spacecraft, US astronauts will now have to rely solely on the Russian Soyuz to access the International Space Station.


Would you like to know more?

About the past future of spaceship design:
- Counterintuitive Science: Fast Speed, Fat Shape

Tuesday, May 24, 2011

Steamshovel Harry

Everything is better with Auto-Tune.






You won't get it unless you play the game first...

Steamshovel Harry Song
----------
by Brad Sucks

Lyrics:

Watch out for that gravity, watch out, watch out.
Gravity, watch out... watch out for that gravity.

Science times mass equals gravity.

Gravity is gonna kill you, Harry.
Gravity is gonna kill you... gravity.

It's time to learn about astronomy.
It's time to learn about astronomy.
It's time to learn about astronomy. Hey...

Steamshovel Harry, Steamshovel Harry.
Steamshovel Harry, Steamshovel Harry.

Asteroids are smaller than planets.
Asteroids are smaller, wo oh wo oh.

Asteroids are larger than meteorites.
I meant to say meteroids then, wo oh wo oh wo oh wo oh.

Steamshovel Harry, Steamshovel Harry.
Steamshovel Harry, Steamshovel Harry.

That meteor is gonna kill you, Harry.

Physics are gonna kill you, Harry.

Physics are gonna kill you, Harry!
Physics are gonna kill you, Harry!

It's gonna kill you and make you dead.

Physics gonna pull out a gun.
Shoot you right in the head.
BLAM oh no, look out now! Hey...

Physics.

Oh yeah. Oh...

Oh...

I can't wait to make love... to physics.

Gonna love her all night long.
Making physics love, singing the physics song.
Throw another downwards to double jump.
Or throw it up to not jump as high.

Do it Harry, do it to win.

Punch that missile right in the face.
Punch that missile all over the place.
One two three four, punch that missile!

When we open the door...

Steamshovel Harry, Steamshovel Harry.
Steamshovel Harry, Steamshovel Harry.
Steamshovel Harry, Steamshovel Harry.
Steamshovel Harry, Steamshovel Harry.

Physics are gonna hunt you down and kill you in the middle of the night.
Physics are gonna hunt you down and make everything all right.


Would you like to know more?

About the Steamshovel Harry game:
- Steamshovel Harry flash game
- Steamshovel Harry music

What the hell is going on!?!!:
- Metagames: Games About Games

Saturday, December 19, 2009

Counterintuitive Science: Fast Speed, Fat Shape

In popular science fiction, fast spaceships are often shown as streamlined, sharply-pointed vehicles: such as the X-wing in Star Wars or the Colonial Viper in Battlestar Galactica.

Sleekness has long been associated with speed, at least since the dawn of rocket science in the early 20th century.

This is hardly surprising because an aerodynamic shape is necessary to attain high speed on Earth, becoming increasingly important at speeds over 200 km per hour.

By the 1950s, human beings were on the verge of space travel, and the popular conception of a spaceship then (and even now!) for both professional engineers and the general public alike, was the sharp-nosed spaceplane.

A good example of this was the X-15 hypersonic research plane.













Striking resemblance to a you-know-what.

However, the reality that awaited spaceflight enthusiasts was somewhat less svelte...












How did needles turn into fat cones and bells?

It turns out that pointy-nosed spaceships perform well on their way out of the atmosphere, but not when they have to come BACK.

The re-entry speed of a vehicle coming in from low Earth orbit is about 27,000 km per hour (over 7 km per second!) or about 25 times the speed of sound.

Clearly, the vehicle has to lose a lot of speed in order to descend safely into the atmosphere, but how should this be done?

It is impractical for an Earth-launched spacecraft to reduce most of that speed using retro-rockets, since the large amount of fuel required becomes an additional burden to the launch vehicle.

So the returning vehicle must decelerate mainly by atmospheric friction using the atmosphere itself, and this is where the pointy-nose shape becomes a disadvantage.

At hypersonic speeds, a sharp object generates only a thin shockwave, allowing the intense heat of friction compression to come very close to the surface of the object contact the leading surface of the object. Thus, during early wind tunnel tests, the noses of the test vehicles simply melted away.

No known material could withstand such high temperatures.

However, when a blunt object is subjected to hypersonic speeds, due to much higher drag the air molecules ahead of the object cannot move away fast enough. A thicker shockwave forms, acting as a cushion of air that shields the leading surface from much of the intense heat, and lowering peak temperatures to within the limits that can be tolerated by existing materials.

Thus, only with the development of fat re-entry vehicles did human orbital spaceflight become a possibility.

Initially, Russian designers used a cannonball shape for their Vostok space capsule, which could safely re-enter the atmosphere in any orientation, but had a steep ballistic trajectory that was very harsh on the cosmonauts.

They later developed the "bell on a bowl" shape for their Soyuz, while US designers developed the "cone on a bowl" shape for their Mercury, Gemini and Apollo spacecraft. These shapes have a similar function - to provide some lift and self-righting ability, allowing the spacecraft to re-enter with a shallower and more comfortable trajectory.

For 20 years these fat and aesthetically displeasing spacecraft had the counterintuitive honour of being the fastest manned vehicles in history.

Not everyone was satisfied with this and there were numerous designs of spaceplanes (eg. Sänger, Hermes) to replace them, but most of them were unable to proceed beyond test phases.

Then, with the arrival of the US Space Shuttle (1981) and the Russian Buran (1988) the age of spaceplanes appeared to have finally arrived, though with their fat noses and thick bodies neither of them can really be considered sleek-looking. Unfortunately, Buran was cancelled after just one flight and the Space Shuttle is slated to be retired next year.

So for the foreseeable future at least, the vision of a sleek needle-shaped spacecraft stays bogged down in the realm of fantasy, while the cutting edge of real manned space exploration is delivered by the venerable, and fat, space capsule.


Would you like to know more?
- How the Spaceship Got Its Shape (Air & Space Magazine)

Tuesday, December 15, 2009

You Don't Need A Rocket...

... to take photos from space (more accurately the stratosphere).



















Guess how they did it?



I think this is a superb idea for a student project.

It's not very expensive and is a lot of fun, especially if we can have live telemetry and low-res video transmission in addition to the fixed camera.

Moreover, if the weather is clear, 30 km is almost high enough to capture a photo of the entire Singapore using a 28mm wide-angle lens, so it is possible to take a "satellite" photo without actually using satellites.

Though I think the biggest challenge with such a project is getting the clearance to avoid commercial flights.

Wonder if I should pitch this idea to the Science Centre people?


Would you like to know more?

About this project:
- View of Earth from the OZONE layer in the Stratosphere (Project Pegasus)

About an earlier successful attempt in Spain:
- Teens capture images of space with £56 camera and balloon (Telegraph)
- Scenes from 30,000 meters above (Boston.com)

Friday, December 11, 2009

Norwegian Blue, Beautiful Plume, Innit?

Something weird and beautiful appeared over the skies of Norway in the morning of December 9th...
















It's a UFO!

It's a transdimensional portal!

It's a SIGN FROM GOD ABOUT OBAMA'S PEACE PRIZE!



Heh, not a UFO anymore, it isn't.

More like the failed third stage of a Russian test missile.

Failure can be spectacular!


Pipette tip to Bad Astronomy.

Would you like to know more?
- Spirals Sighted Over Norway as Bulava Fails (The Moscow Times)
- It's not a UFO, just an intercontinental missile blowing up (Times Online)

Saturday, November 14, 2009

LCROSS Finds Water On The Moon

After a month of analysis on the LCROSS impact data, NASA announced that they have detected about 24 gallons (~90 litres) of water in the impact plume.





Would you like to know more?
-
Splash! NASA moon crash struck lots of water (AP)

Wednesday, August 26, 2009

South Korea Launches Naro-1 Rocket

Yesterday, South Korea launched their first Naro-1 (also called KSLV-1) rocket from Naro Space Centre at Goheung.

Technically it was a cooperative effort with the Russians who designed and built the first stage of the rocket, while the Koreans built the second stage and its payload, the STSAT-2 satellite.

Check out the launch video:



One of the scariest launches I've seen so far!

The vehicle leans to the right immediately after lift-off and then makes a sharp correction to the left.

Not sure why this happened but I'm guessing that the gantry arm might have something to do with it; a video taken from another angle showed the rocket leaning away when released from the gantry.

In any case the rocket managed to reach space, but the satellite was sent to a maximum height of 342 km, which is higher than its planned orbit at 306 km. Some news sources report this as "overshooting the orbit" or "higher orbit" or "incorrect orbit" but I think it's more likely that the flight path was too elliptical to even make one complete orbit.

According to Reuters, South Korea's space agency had tried to play down expectations, saying that only about 30 percent of countries' first attempts to put a satellite into orbit succeed. Their officials have called this project a "partial success".

*Update: The satellite failed to reach orbit because one of the two fairings that covered it during the atmospheric phase did not fall off properly, causing the rocket to pitch up and also to lose too much speed to enter orbit (S. Korean Satellite Lost After Flawed Launch - Korea Times).


Would you like to know more?

- Latest updates: KSLV-1 launch (NASA spaceflight forum)
- Satellite Fails to Enter Orbit (The Korea Times)

Thursday, February 19, 2009

Solar Eclipse From The Moon

This is really cool - a video of the Earth coming between the Sun and the Moon taken by the Kaguya lunar orbiter on 10 Feb 2009.

Check out the spectacular "diamond ring" effect as the Sun is gradually uncovered (by the movement of the spacecraft?).



I struggled for a while on how to title this post correctly, since from the Earth's perspective it was a lunar eclipse, but from the spacecraft's perspective it was a solar eclipse.

Silly me, diamond ring = solar eclipse, why of course.

Pipette tip to Pink Tentacle.


Would you like to know more?
-
Solar Eclipse In Singapore

Saturday, September 13, 2008

Kids Science Fest!

The Kids Science Fest! event is part of the science.08 festival and is held at the Annexe Hall 2 of the Singapore Science Centre.

Admission to this carnival is free, so if you have kids who are interested, you can still head there for a fun time tomorrow.

What do they have in store for you? Fresh Brainz visited the Science Fest today and uncovered a flurry of activity!















Here, a cheerful demonstrator shows some children how to prepare mini-rockets using fizzy Redoxon tablets, water and empty film containers.

I tried to catch a photo of a rocket in flight, but they pop up really fast and I could only capture a faint spray of water and the foam they leave behind.

Rocket fuel - now in delicious blackcurrant flavour!



















There are a few workshops for kids to do some hands-on experiments. This young man is playing with a bowl of cornstarch mixture, which is a type of non-Newtonian fluid.

Really odd stuff - if you treat it gently, it will flow like a liquid, but if you strike it hard, it will react like a solid.

Just like human beings!

Cornstarch can behave in bizarre ways when put under constant vibration. Check out this video that shows you how it can transform into a teeming mass of disgusting "alien fingers".



















If you are not into wet stuff, here's a dry workshop for learning about electrical circuits and electronic components.















The theme of the carnival is about speed and reaction time, so here's a game to see how fast you can shoot hoops.



















This slope lets children try out different combinations of weight and wheel size for the toy car to roll down at maximum speed.



















The "Save the Marbles" game also uses an inclined plane - colourful marbles roll through a regular array of plastic pins randomly, and the player tries to catch as many falling marbles as possible using a sliding bucket.

Any player who manages to catch more than 30 marbles gets to sign her/his name on a "Board of Fame".

Neat.



















Here they come!

*tik tik tik...*












In addition to workshops, there are also stage games - for the kids to participate in quizzes and maybe win a prize or two.












Looking a bit out of place is this small, dark alcove featuring some medical imaging panels.

There seems to be many MRI scans of brainz in here.

Which reminds me: it's time to catch the science show!



















The "Think Quick!" science show is presented by Alan Gill and Bron Veale from Scitech in Perth, Australia.

Here's a huge brain prop sitting quietly in the foreground while Bron and Alan get ready for the show.

As a neurogeek, I am duty-bound to inform you that this brain is not anatomically accurate; the gyri are modelled haphazardly, it doesn't appear to have a temporal lobe and the cerebellum is too small.

I know you don't care.

*muack*













Alan starts off the show with an introduction about how we are all different, but our brainz work in a similar way.

Notice those balloons in the background? To test our reaction time, the audience has to clap twice whenever a balloon gets popped.

(To find out where some additional balloons are hidden, check out the previous photo).












For a science show it certainly has many elements of drama. The two presenters adopt an "odd couple" approach and engage in bickering and one-upmanship to entertain the audience.

Here are some of the highlights:















Alan offers to help Bron relax.

"First, let's measure your blood pressure!"















"And here's a balloon for you! Close your eyes and imagine yourself on an island... in the middle of an ocean... surrounded by palm trees..."















*sneak sneak...*















*POP!*

*Scream*

*clap-clap*

As you can see, this is not a relaxing science show.















In fact I think it is the most energetic science show I've seen so far. Here's Bron running around off-stage to demonstrate that an athlete must have a quick mind as well as a nimble body.












Next up - memory test!

How many faces can you remember?

"Who is this?"

Christopher Lee!

The presenters have adapted their show for the Singapore audience by putting up ten familiar local faces.















"Have you seen this man?"

Bet you didn't see that coming.














It turns out that people can only hold a small amount of information in their short-term memory - around seven items at a time.

Most people cannot remember all ten faces. I can only recall eight names now.















So how can you memorize huge amounts of information? Take for example the exact value of Pi, which is made of decimals that don't repeat and go on forever.

How to tackle such a large task?















Break it down into many small chunks, why of course!

I should mention that when I was in secondary school, the school invited some whiz-kid from the USA to "inspire" the students.

To demonstrate his intellectual superiority over the rest of us, he recited Pi to thirty-plus decimal places and we were expected to applaud and be in awe.

My fellow classmate snickered: "He could be making it all up. Who would know?"

Besides, what is the purpose of memorizing Pi? A party trick?

If you really want to impress - make a bizarre discovery, cure a disease or invent a longer lasting light bulb.















Now that we know the usefulness of chunking data, let's try the memory test again...

"Who is this?"

Brad Pitt!

Angelina Jolie!

Technically, Brangelina should be regarded as one functional unit.















Darth Vader!

Surprisingly there are many kids who are familiar with Star Wars characters - looks like the prequels have exacted a severe toll on the younger generation.

Larkin: "I look forward to working with you, Lord Vader".

Vader: "You're beautiful..."


Admiral: "Vader?"

Vader: "What?!?? Erm... I mean erm... destroying the rebel base will be a beautiful victory!"

Admiral: "Quite, Lord Vader. Please continue."

Vader: "What?!??"


Star Wars has been spoofed to death a thousand times over.















By chunking the faces into groups it becomes easier to remember them.

This kid in orange could recall eight names: "... plus that guy who looks like you."

Alan: "You mean Brad Pitt?"

Bron: "You don't look like Brad Pitt!"













More odd couple moments...















The presenters asked for two volunteers to help with their demonstrations.

Here, the children clap their hands once and Bron has to point towards the direction of the sound with her eyes closed.

So far so good.















Then Alan makes Bron wear this ridiculous looking rig that switches over the left and right direction of hearing.

Quite a struggle now...















It's time for Alan to perform his demonstration!

The young volunteer throws a tennis ball at Alan and he catches it with no difficulty.















In retaliation, Bron gets Alan to wear inverting glasses while trying to catch tennis balls.















Oops... it's impossible!

During one of the throws, the volunteer actually managed to hit Alan on the face with the ball.

*THUNK!*

Bullseye.















Finally, one more demonstration - the ability to read jumbled words, an observation that is often attributed to research conducted at Cambridge University.















A simple statement of truth?...















...of course they waste no time in resuming their fight...















And thus ends the show. I was ready to do some calping but I noticed that people were clapping, so I clapped instead.

Whew... luckily I was thinking fast!















After the show, Alan and Bron let some curious kids and parents try out their bizarre switcheroo gadgets.















Aside from the Kids Science Fest, I should also mention that there is a "Science of F1" exhibition in the Science Centre main building now. You'll need to pay the admission fee to enter the main building but if you haven't been inside for a while it's worth a visit (since the Dinosaurs are still around).














Here's an actual F1 racing car, on display for a limited time only. I like the speckled appearance of the carbon fibre wheel struts.



















From behind you can see that the part of the car behind the driver tapers into a thin knife-edge.

Aerodynamics is critical when you are roaring along at over 300 km/h.



















In keeping with the racing theme, a couple of FSAE racing cars from NUS are featured here.















Also on display is this fiery red Ferrari. Not sure why this is here, since it is a luxury sports car and not really a race car. Maybe it shares some technology with Ferrari F1 cars.














At around US$1,000,000 each it's not surprising that there are only two of them in Singapore.

I can never afford to buy one of these, nor do I want to.

Hmm... that suddenly reminds me of something!

A "vehicle" that I have which is also very rare and valuable.












The TIE/sa bomber.

Well, we were talking about Star Wars just now.

It's a vintage 1980 Kenner die-cast metal toy - apparently only 10,000 of these were ever made.

A mint-condition TIE bomber in its original packaging can fetch over US$1,000 in auctions. Well, I didn't buy this toy at age five just to NOT open the pack, so it won't be worth that much.

Still, it's a beauty.













Very few toys nowadays are made so detailed that they resemble movie props. Maybe that's a reason why these are so coveted.













As a parting shot, here's a close-up of the engines behind the bomber: not a 651-horse Berlinetta V12, but a pair of 125-KTU Sienar P-s4.

Roar.


Would you like to know more?

About a previous science.08 event:
-
Science in the Gardens
-
X-periment! 2008